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Garden Stories
Underutilized Native Shrubs
Sometime around midsummer, we all look at our yards, filled in and blooming, and think about designing something new, dividing plants, or perhaps creating a new hedge.
Attractive native shrubs are often overlooked鈥攁nd occasionally hard to come by in local nurseries and garden centers鈥攂ut they are well worth the effort to find. Already adapted to our particular climate and ecosystems, natives simply do well here鈥攁nd look spectacular. Here are five options to consider.
Chokeberry (Aronia sp.)
With a name like chokeberry, people aren鈥檛 exactly chomping at the bit to plant this native shrub. It鈥檚 unfortunate, because the chokeberry is one of the best shrubs you can grow in Illinois.
(Aronia melanocarpa 鈥楳orton鈥) is starting to ripen. The beautiful black fruit stays on the plant longer than some other varieties.
Not to be confused with the chokecherry tree (Prunus virginiana), chokeberry (Aronia sp.) is a fruiting shrub that ranges from 3 to 10 feet tall with red, purple, or black fruit. The name chokeberry comes from the astringency or dryness of the fruit, which may be the result of antioxidants.
There are three main species: red chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), purple chokeberry (Aronia&苍产蝉辫;脳&苍产蝉辫;prunifolia), and the most common, black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa).
Aronia is an all-season plant. In spring to early summer, the plants become covered in white, apple blossom-like flowers for several days to weeks. The glossy green foliage holds up against extreme heat and drought, and in fall, these great landscape shrubs produce red, purple, or black fruit in combination with orange to red-scarlet fall color.
The fruit attracts birds, though this may often be as late as February depending on Aronia species, food availability, and the density of your bird population. The fruit is also eaten by humans and is popular in Europe. Containing more antioxidants than blueberries and easier to grow, it鈥檚 a health food that you should definitely consider adding to your diet! Sweeten the fruit with honey or sugar to make a jam or syrup. I recommend 鈥榁iking鈥 for less astringent fruit that is good for harvesting. If fruit doesn鈥檛 interest you, consider 鈥楶rofessor Ed鈥 or the Chicagoland Grows variety 鈥楳orton鈥, both of which have ornamental fruit, stay somewhat small, and have excellent fall color. Aronia also takes well to renewal pruning if you wish to keep a larger variety at a smaller height.
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) flowers are attractive, unique, and somewhat unworldly.
Wouldn鈥檛 you want something called buttonbush in your yard? The white, butterfly-attracting flowers are arranged in little celestial spheres that are 1 to 2 inches in diameter, emerging between late May and late July (depending on the region). After the flowers have finished blooming, spherical seedheads remain on the plant, providing winter interest. Buttonbush tolerates well-drained soil well, but loves it wet鈥攎aking this an excellent choice for a rain garden plant!
They can grow fast鈥攁 6-inch shrub can easily grow to 5 feet within a few years, and can reach up to 15 feet when fully mature! These shrubs also take well to renewal pruning, if you鈥檇 like to keep them short. They typically have a good rounded habit, but if you would like more uniformity, prune them in late winter or early spring.
Sweet Fern (Comptonia peregrina)
Use this plant if you want a unique-looking shrub that can tolerate poor鈥攅ven salty!鈥攕oils. Sweet fern has deeply notched, glossy, fern-like leaves that have a sweet fragrance when crushed. It grows to be around 5 feet tall and 3 feet wide with a nice upright rounded habit, but sweet fern can produce large colonies if left to grow wild. Shown here is sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina) leaves turn russet in the fall. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via .
The flowers and fruit won鈥檛 make a huge impact in the garden, but the catkins and fruit may be left as one of those subtle garden curiosities you need to go looking for. The leaves are edible, and are sometimes used for tea as well as insect repellant. These shrubs love part shade to full sun spots, and tolerate drought well.
If your soil is fairly alkaline, you may wish to avoid sweetfern, though they will tolerate a degree of alkalinity.
My next pick is another 鈥渟weet鈥 choice for the native home garden:
Sweet Gale (Myrica gale)
If you鈥檝e got a sunny to somewhat shady wet area, consider sweet gale for your garden. This native shrub prefers moist areas, but tolerates dryness and even some salt. It even fixes nitrogen in its roots, which can help improve the soil. The plants have an attractive mounded, candelabra-like habit, becoming 4 to 5 feet tall in the landscape. The leaves, which are a glossy dark green to gray-green, are fragrant when crushed. The branches, leaves and cones can be used like hops in brewing beer, and were used extensively before hops were widely available. Though sweetgale is native to North America, the species is also native to northern and western Europe, so it appears in European folklore and carries a history of use as a dye, insecticide, tea, and more!
The flowers appear in summer and are not very showy, but the fruit that comes afterward offers a food source for yellow-rumped warblers on their way south.
New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus)
New Jersey tea is one native shrub that I hear recommended over and over again, but I can鈥檛 recall a time I鈥檝e seen it in a landscape outside of public gardens shown here thriving in the Green Roof Garden of the Plant Science Center.
New Jersey tea is a small deciduous shrub that grows to about 4 or 5 feet in height. This nitrogen-fixing member of the buckthorn family grows in open woods and produces leaves that can be dried and used for tea. In fact, its leaves were often used as a tea substitute during the revolutionary war鈥攑roviding a similar flavor to imported teas, though lacking in caffeine.
New Jersey tea does well in moderately well-drained soils, but it develops a deep root system within a few years so it can withstand drought easily once established. It also provides nectar to butterflies and hummingbirds, acts as a butterfly host plant, and provides food for birds. The yellow twigs that remain in winter can be quite showy, and the white, fragrant flower clusters provide interest in summer.
If you want to make a short but attractive native hedge, start with small plants spaced two to three feet apart. You might also consider Ceanothus ovatus for a hedge that will grow to only 3 feet high.